Corruption in India

Corruption in India is a major issue and adversely affects its economy. [1] A 2005 study conducted by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully. [2][3] In its 2008 study, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office. 4] In 2012 India has ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International'sCorruption Perceptions Index, tied with Benin, Colombia, Djibouti, Greece, Moldova, Mongolia, and Senegal. [5] Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and National Rural Health Mission. [6][7] Other daily sources of corruption include India's trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways. 8] Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, deny these allegations. [9][10] The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. 11][12] There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India. The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late 1980s. The economy was characterised by extensive regulation,protectionism, and public ownership, policies vulnerable to pervasive corruption and slow growth. [13][14][15][16] In 1960s, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari suggested License Raj was often at the core of corruption. 17] The Vohra Report, submitted by the former Indian Union Home Secretary, N. N. Vohra, in October 1993, studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India. [18] The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians — of all political parties — and the protection of government functionaries. 19] According to Jitendra Singh, â€Å"in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as an illegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within the economy, and decisions could get made. †¦ These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long and slow, however. It will not change overnight. â€Å"[20] One of the major problems and obstacles to development in India has been endemic corruption and political inertia to change. [21] As of December 2008, 120 of India's 523 parliament members were accused of crimes, under India's First Information Report procedure wherein anyone can allege another of committing a crime. 22] Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high levels of government, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the 2G spectrum scam, the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam and the Adarsh Housing Society scam, Coal Mining Scam, mining scandal in Karnataka and cash for vote scam. A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government and business practices. Notable organisations include: * Bharat Swabhiman Trust established by well known Yog Guru Swami Ramdev running a large campaign against black money and corruption since last 10 years. 5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the zero rupee note, a valueless note designed to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes. * India Against Corruption is a movement created by a citizens from a variety of professions and statuses to work against corruption in India. It is currently headed by Anna Hazare. [67] * Jaago Re! One Billion Votes is an organisation originally founded by Tata Tea and Janaagraha to increase youth voter registration. [68] They have since expanded their work to include other social issues, including corruption. 69] * Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA) is an NGO focused on grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka. One organisation, the Lok Satta Movement, has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-fledged political party, the Lok Satta Party. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, whenJayaprakash Narayan won the election for the Kukatpally Assembly Constituency in Andhra Pradesh. Corruption in India Corruption in India is a major issue and adversely affects its economy. [1] A 2005 study conducted by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully. [2][3] In its 2008 study, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office. 4] In 2012 India has ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International'sCorruption Perceptions Index, tied with Benin, Colombia, Djibouti, Greece, Moldova, Mongolia, and Senegal. [5] Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and National Rural Health Mission. [6][7] Other daily sources of corruption include India's trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways. 8] Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, deny these allegations. [9][10] The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. 11][12] There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India. The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late 1980s. The economy was characterised by extensive regulation,protectionism, and public ownership, policies vulnerable to pervasive corruption and slow growth. [13][14][15][16] In 1960s, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari suggested License Raj was often at the core of corruption. 17] The Vohra Report, submitted by the former Indian Union Home Secretary, N. N. Vohra, in October 1993, studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India. [18] The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians — of all political parties — and the protection of government functionaries. 19] According to Jitendra Singh, â€Å"in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as an illegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within the economy, and decisions could get made. †¦ These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long and slow, however. It will not change overnight. â€Å"[20] One of the major problems and obstacles to development in India has been endemic corruption and political inertia to change. [21] As of December 2008, 120 of India's 523 parliament members were accused of crimes, under India's First Information Report procedure wherein anyone can allege another of committing a crime. 22] Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high levels of government, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the 2G spectrum scam, the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam and the Adarsh Housing Society scam, Coal Mining Scam, mining scandal in Karnataka and cash for vote scam. A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government and business practices. Notable organisations include: * Bharat Swabhiman Trust established by well known Yog Guru Swami Ramdev running a large campaign against black money and corruption since last 10 years. 5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the zero rupee note, a valueless note designed to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes. * India Against Corruption is a movement created by a citizens from a variety of professions and statuses to work against corruption in India. It is currently headed by Anna Hazare. [67] * Jaago Re! One Billion Votes is an organisation originally founded by Tata Tea and Janaagraha to increase youth voter registration. [68] They have since expanded their work to include other social issues, including corruption. 69] * Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA) is an NGO focused on grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka. One organisation, the Lok Satta Movement, has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-fledged political party, the Lok Satta Party. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, whenJayaprakash Narayan won the election for the Kukatpally Assembly Constituency in Andhra Pradesh.

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom Little, better known as Malcolm X were major figures in the civil rights movement in the United States. Despite fighting for the same cause, which is to see that all individuals in the United States are indeed equal regardless of race, both men take a different approach in furthering the cause. They both decried the injustice committed against the black people by the whites and wanted to see it come to an end. It was for this reason that the civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1960’s. The most obvious difference is the stance they took in pursuing their goal. Little, who became Malcolm X after converting to Islam, puts emphasis on self-empowerment among the black people, as well as other racial groups in the US for that matter; that they should use any means necessary to win their freedom and equality if society would continue to marginalize them. In trying to understand why Malcolm X was rather militant in his appraoch to the point of being â€Å"nationalistic,† one has to understand that he was born and raised in a ghetto where life was rough which resulted in the murder of his father and his mother committed to a mental institution. In as much as he deplored the racists, he also deplored whites who pretended to sympathize with them and pay lip service to their support of their cause. It is for this reason why he wanted thje blacks to empower themselves because he felt nobody will do it for them (Breitman, 1965, p. 26). King was brought up in a well-to-do family in spite of their race and he â€Å"borrowed† the approach taken by Mahatma Gandhi of nonviolent resistance as the means to accomplish their goal owing to his avocation as a minister who eschewed violence. King agreed with Gandhi’s principle that the oppressors need to see the evil they are committing to make them stop; for to fight back would make them further justify their actions. If Malcolm X were to have his way, he could have dragged America to another civil war, especially if he intended to use Islam as a vehicle to advance his cause, whereas King used a combination of Christian faith and Gandhi’s teachings which is compatible to the former (Vander Lei & Miller, 1999, pp. 84-85). Both men were assassinated for they were seen as a threat by their opponents. In the end, the civil rights movement was successful when the government passed a series of laws that once and for all ended segregation. The impact was not immediate and its effect was felt gradually through the passage of time and the proof that it was successful was evident with the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States. And if one were to ask who would get the credit, the most likely answer would be Martin Luther King Jr. and his Gandhi-

SMALL BUSINESS ASSOCIATION'S WEBSITE - CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND Essay

SMALL BUSINESS ASSOCIATION'S WEBSITE - CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The SBA loans are according to the nature of business and not the owners. That is, SBA provides loans to the business and not the individual (Business loans and grants ). As an entrepreneur who wants to invest in childcare and housing business, one is able to access several grants from the government. These grants include the small business grant worth $1000 that is available to one who owns or is starting a business, Homeless providers grant that is available for a business that houses homeless people and the transitional housing assistance program grant. These grants could be helpful to begin the business (Business loans and grants ). To venture into the above business, there are four steps to undertake to develop the business plan. The first step is for the owner to know the business. To achieve this step, one should research and read everything available concerning the business. The second step is outlining the purpose intended for the plan. This would act as a guide during constructing the plan. The third step is determining the audience that the business would serve. The idea is to include the customers interest in the plan. Finally, construct the plan (Stanberry

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 1

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters23-24 - Essay Example Despite the fact that the stock market began regaining some of its losses towards the end of 1930, it was not sufficient to avert the onset of the economic depression. Another main cause was bank failures. The 1930s experienced over 9,000 bank failures. There was no insurance for bank deposits, hence with the failure of the banks, individuals simply ended up losing their savings. Because the surviving banks were not certain about the economic condition and had concerns about their own survival, they were not willing to issue new loans. This aggravated the existent situation and led to lesser expenditure. In addition to that was a drop in purchasing across the board. As the stock market had crashed and the advancement of further economic conundrums heightened, people across all classes stopped buying items. The result was a drop in the number of produced items, hence a reduced workforce. Individuals who had been laid off from their jobs were not in a position to deposit payments for i tems they had purchased via installment plans, leading to repossession of these items. The rate of accumulation of inventory began to increase. There was a rise of over 25% in unemployment which of course meant reduced spending that could abate the existent economic condition. The American policy with Europe also contributed in a great way to the Great Depression. With businesses starting to fall, the Smoot Hawley Tariff of 1930 was forged by the government in a bid to protect American governments. The tariff imposed high tariffs on imports resulting in reduced trade between foreign countries and America, coupled with retaliation in the economy (Brinkley, 604) President Hoover and the Republican Response to the Crisis In a similar fashion to the economic crisis of 2008, president Hoover assumed office immediately following the stock market crash in 1929. His response to the economic downturn was remarkably similar to the current response by the Federal Reserve and SEC. He did not wa nt to meddle with the markets and looked to offer support to the banking system by making an offer to fund business in return for collateral. As such, he started programs of public works. The lengths taken by Hoover were obscured by the great lengths that the Franklin Roosevelt administration took. Public works programs during this period had a sizeable impact upon a generation reliant on soup lines to survive. Attempts by president Hover to resolve the economic crisis were in most instances unsuccessful. His loss to Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential therefore was not a surprise. Hoover thereafter devoted a lot of time over the next dozen years to the fight by the Republicans against the New Deal, and believed that President Roosevelt would function to compromise the political system of the United States with his extensive government programs. Six weeks following the death of Roosevelt, Hoover held a meeting with President Harry Truman in May 1945. Together, they planned t o recover post-war Europe. Upon a request by Truman, Hoover travelled across the globe to afford the president a personal statement on food needs of the world. More significantly, Hoover rallied his fellow Republicans to offer support to President Truman’s food relief programs. Hoover worked as chairman of the newly-formed Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch which later came to be known as the Hoover commission, and worked in

Critique of a research report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique of a report - Research Paper Example 193). Due to a variety of factors such as failure to meet academic guidelines, escalating cost of education, and economic crisis, attrition to nurse anesthesia programs requires attention. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2004) recommended advance practitioners such as nurse anesthetist to have Doctor of Nursing Practice as a terminal degree(Burns, 2011, p. 193). In line with this, reinforcing the need for studying different variables in nurse anesthesia programs and academic progression increased. Despite a 20-year review of the literature, only descriptive or outcome studies were found to demonstrate the relationship between preadmission variables and academic progression. The research paper lacks empirical studies and evidences linking preadmission variables, academic progression, and attrition. Thus, limited number of available information and literature reviews requires the need for future researches. The research paper aims to study the relationship between admi ssion criteria, critical care, and academic progression to nurse anesthesia programs.

Peace Processes Are the Preferred Method of Establishing Lasting Peace Assignment

Peace Processes Are the Preferred Method of Establishing Lasting Peace - Assignment Example The move to use peaceful means for dispute resolution was accelerated in large part by the influx of the First and Second World War in the twentieth century. The use of violence failed to accomplish little more than death and destruction on a scale never witnessed before in both of these wars. This paper will attempt to analyse why peace processes have failed to end the violence in conflicts. The scope of the current discussion will remain limited to the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries alone in order to develop a stronger argument. The first major visible effort for initiating peace in the twentieth century came through the Treaty of Versailles in the aftermath of the First World War. Some may argue that the Treaty of Versailles was little more than retribution for Germany’s actions in the war. However, it must be borne in mind that the statesmen of Europe were mature enough to attempt to deliver lasting peace using the Treaty of Versailles. This maturity stemmed from previous peacebuilding efforts such as the Congress of Vienna that had delivered Europe with peace for nearly a century (King, 2008) (Zamoyski, 2007). The comparison between the Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna provides an immediately noticeable difference – the representation of stakeholders. The Congress of Vienna was highly tolerant of the demands of Talleyrand but there was no such behaviour at the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles. It has also been suggested that the Germans were purposefully kept out of the dr afting procedures in order to deliver a harsh blow to the German state under the Treaty. While the Congress of Vienna was tolerant of the French, the Treaty of Versailles was discriminatory to the Germans (Lentin, 1985). This behaviour of the Allied victors through the Treaty of Versailles was enough to instigate German resistance to this understanding of peace.  

Expanding an MNC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Expanding an MNC - Essay Example However, it was unable to compete with the already established competitors in the market and therefore, the company is now entirely focused on domestic devices required for household work. Overall, Nestfree has around 200 factories in the above mentioned countries with around 150,000 employees worldwide. The range of products provided by Nestfree is as follows: However, the company is now seeking to expand its markets in emerging countries of the world. The emerging markets of China, India and Brazil. The information and relative factors of these countries is provided below. The economic system followed in China is a modern one which is supported by a strong financial services sector. One of the major advantages is that the government has zero debt and the Chinese citizens are savers as compared to the borrowing nature of the citizens of United States. The savings by consumers result in high amounts of capital available for banks to invest. This further boosts up investments in the economy which results in economic growth. The political environment in China is relatively stable as compared to other emerging markets. The political risk involved is quite low however; lower transparency in legal and regulatory policies is a big hurdle for foreign companies. The stability in the political environment is brought about by the one party system which results in lower arguments and therefore, greater peace. The business rules and regulations are not very effective with serious transparency issues. Especially for high tech and commodity companies, the regulatory transparency becomes a major issue as well as a big challenge. The Chinese technological environment is quite advanced and the government plans to make china a world leader in the field of science as well as technology. The aim is to make china self sufficient in terms of technology as a result of effective policies designed by the government. The Chinese

Group Dynamicss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group Dynamicss - Essay Example They help generate group synergy, which lead to increased accomplishment above the aggregate of individual efforts. This paper presents a team outline of the principal team within which I work. It also provides a description and analysis of the roles of the team members with reference to the Meredith Belbin team/group work role theory as discussed in taught sessions and supporting reading materials. This paper also presents an ongoing reflection of my own teamwork skills which recognises my individual strengths and weakness. It presents a reflection on my strengths and weaknesses in terms of communication with others including giving and receiving feedback. Finally, it presents a conclusion of the findings from literature and discussion underlined. A team outline implies to an arrangement of a single team or multifaceted team structure. According to Gillespie and Chaboyer (2009), a team outline is a fundamental part of a teamwork development. A suitably outlined nursing team entails a proper framework that facilitates a characteristic care plan, intervention and treatment. Additionally, it entails a useful integration of operational communication, leadership, situation evaluation and joint efforts. According to Nancarrow, Moran, Enderby, Freeman and Dixon (2009), an appropriate team outline, in a nursing environment, can advance joint effort by integrating a selected leader, which includes the patient, care givers and the family. Over and above join efforts helps every group member to take part in the activities of the team and further fosters accountability in member’s actions. Gillespie and Chaboyer (2009) claim that everyone in a teamwork setting must identify their team outline in order to help plan and achieve the set goals or objectives. The following is an outline of the principal team within which I work: nurse manager, director of nurses, patient, physician, doctor, pharmacists, clinical care providers, staff nurses, ethics committees

Is 'green capitalism' resistance to change Essay

Is 'green capitalism' resistance to change - Essay Example This can be exemplified by the fact that if news of organizations committing illegal and harmful activities is aired, hoards of activists and scores of NGOs and environment protecting organizations unanimously raise an outcry against the alleged misdemeanor. The roads are swamped with local residents carrying banners and signs to decry the gutless and unethical practices of the organizations. This comes to establish that the notion of ecologically sustainable development has been replaced by a much more comprehensive concept i.e. economically sustainable development (Green 1999). The damage that has been rendered to the environment as a result of unchecked business activities has driven countries towards the adoption of new concept i.e. green capitalism. This paper looks into the notion of green capitalism and evaluates how well is it faring in the capitalist market. The paper explores the parties that oppose green capitalism and the debates that have arisen out of it. So the questio n arises that what exactly is green capitalism? Green capitalism has seeped through both the market and the culture, and one can see organizations engaged in promoting a more socially responsible image of themselves. ... n capitalism refers to an approach that buttresses the view that levers of the market can be used to fix the damage that has been caused to the environment in the past (Rogers 2010). There are different views that have arisen regarding green capitalism. Proponents of green capitalism are of the perspective that fossil fuels constitute scare resources and are not going to last forever. These natural resources are going to finish eventually and will also become more expensive as that time approaches. This follows that businesses have to adjust themselves to accomplish more through the limited amount of resources at their disposal. According to green capitalism, usage of lesser resources by both the governments and the businesses would provide benefits not only to the environment but would also have a positive effect on the profits that the companies make. This can be exemplified from the fact that if a company expends less on inputs while trying to make the production process more effi cient, the organization can make better outputs and greater margins. Thus, being ‘being ecologically prudent is a surefire way to boost the bottom line’ (Rogers 2010). Governments are starting to trace a link between the progress of the country and the pursuit of green activities by businesses. Don Henry, executive director of the Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF), observes that businesses must realign their practices in accordance with the economically sustainable development to facilitate the movement towards a clean, green economy. He regards that the creation and promotion of a clean green economy would contribute towards the Australia acquiring its fair share of jobs in the future while at the same time bestowing the country with an assortment of economical benefits (Green