Concept of the Theory of Behaviorism in Psychology

Stanley Kowalski Essays

Stanley Kowalski Essays Stanley Kowalski Paper Stanley Kowalski Paper During the late nineteen-forties, it was common for playwrights such as Tennessee Williams to use symbolism as an approach to convey personal thoughts, through the attitudes of the characters and the setting. Williams actors have used symbolism to disguise the actuality of their thoughts and to accommodate the needs of their conservative audience. A Streetcar Named Desire has a few complicated character traits and themes. Therefore, they have to be symbolised using figures or images to express abstract and mystical ideas, so that the viewers can remain clueless. Williams not only depicts a clear personality of the actors but he also includes real-life public opinions from the past (some of which are contemporary. ) These opinions were likely to raise controversies on issues such as prejudice, social gender expectations and men and womens roles in society. There have been numerous occasions when symbolism has taken place in A Streetcar Named Desire. Firstly, Stanley is insulted several times by Blanche (his sister-in-law) Stella (his beloved wife) and other residents of the Quarter. For example, the term animal has been constantly spoken of, to define Stanleys malicious and ill-natured conduct. In scene four, Blanche tries to persuade her younger sister to go elsewhere and leave her husband. On page 163, she complains: Blanche: He acts like an animal, has an animals habits! Eats like one, talks like one! Theres even something sub-human something not quite to the stage of humanity yet! Yes, something ape-like about him there he is Stanley Kowalski Bearing the raw meat home from the kill in the jungle! Furthermore, when the play begins, Stanley enters the ground-floor apartment carrying a red stained package from a butchers. Stanley: Catch! Stella: What? Stanley: Meat! From these two brief extracts, the keynote is that the red meat is a symbol used to show Stanleys bestial attitude, which is also in another of Blanches dialogues: Blanche: Theres something downright bestial about him! The image Blanche creates of Stanley (him being an animal an ape) is coincidental to the fact that she is actually describing her brother-in-law, throwing red meat to his wife in an unacceptable fashion. We know that Blanche had not been present, at the time of the event. This clearly proves that Stanleys bad actions are so obvious, even other characters in the play can predict his actions. It is just like saying a tiger arrives at his habitat with red meat and feeds his cubs, similar to what any other animal would do. Basically, Stanley tossing the pack of meat at his wife could symbolise that he is not a normal human being! He is an animal, a caveman, or even a madman, as Blanche prefers calling him! (Page 158) Blanche: In my opinion? Youre married to a madman! However, the red-stained package might mean something completely different. Perhaps the playwright is symbolising a new entry; trying to describe an early impression of Stanley. The colour red could suggest a hot, passionate and sexy character, who does not care about manners as long as sex and women are always there for him. On the other hand, maybe the word stained is telling us that Stanley is dirty. Package may mean an arrival. Altogether, the red-stained package could mean the arrival of a disgusting but good-looking man. Many interpretations have been given here and symbolism depends on what the audience believes it be. The use of animalistic symbols is repeated, just as Blanche arrives at Elysian Fields. We are given an early suspicion of her unusual and strange sense in clothing. Narrator: Her delicate beauty must avoid a strong light. There is something about her uncertain manner, as well as her white clothes, that suggests a moth. Mentioning the light, we know that Blanche is a fragile and sensitive young lady. Another hint is that she has a fear for strong light; something which will shine over the truth and reveal it to all. The Chinese lantern is an important symbol, which Blanche uses to cover up her appearance. Actually, the playwright uses it to show secrecy and that Blanche is hiding from the outside world. The fact that Blanche is wearing white clothes tells us that she wants a fresh start, because the colour white symbolises purity. Virginity for a woman is just as important. It should be saved for the right man at the right time, which followed the conventions of the period the play was written in. Here we have two contradictory facts which, if combined, could mean the same thing; by wearing such a genuine and formal outfit, Blanche could be trying to fool her audience into thinking that she is untainted a virgin. In other words, she may want to wipe out her past and start fresh. An unlikely (though possible) prediction to the phrase, suggests a moth, could be the alliteration between the words myth and moth. On one side of the story, the playwright may be experimenting with a butterfly-like creature, demonstrating an innocent Blanche to the audience. Opposed to this, he might be giving signs that her white clothes (virginity) suggest there were myths (stories) at one time, concerning Blanche. We will never know for definite, what Williams is really trying to transmit, though he is definitely sending some sort of a hidden message here! We discover the truth in scene four. Sexuality is a huge theme in this play, yet to discuss. Another major symbol used by Williams, is the streetcar the title of the play, itself. While Blanche confronts Stella about the previous night (the poker night), she explains to her enthusiastically that the relationship Stella has with Stanley, is merely infatuation. There is a constant repetition of Blanches hatred and disgust for Stanley, throughout the script. Blanche: What you are talking about is brutal desire just Desire! the name of that rattle-trap street-car that bangs through the Quarter, up one old narrow street and down another Stella: Havent you ever ridden on that street-car? Blanche: It brought me here where Im not wanted and where Im ashamed to be In this selection the rattle-trap streetcar named Desire, might represent Stanley, while the Quarter may represent Stella. In my opinion, Blanche is really implying that Stanley is the typical, careless husband who has most probably slept with (bangs) many young ladies (up one old narrow street and down another. ) He has had many one-night-stands and, informally, could be called a player! This is a term used in modern day English, but during the nineteen-forties, the alternative would be a rogue. Another suggestion to the quote, up one old narrow street and down another, could be the description of the movement made, whilst practising sexual intercourse as we know this is done in and out or up and down! Following Blanches quotation, Stella retorts a defensive question, actually referring to the streetcar named Desire, which Blanche has just described. She may be trying to allude to the fact that Blanche had once been in the same shoes as her riding on the same streetcar and having a desire for sex and man. Of course, this does not mean having had a number of intimacies with strangers. To Stella, Stanley and only Stanley, is one important man in her life. Stella could also be referring to Blanches virginity. After reading this page again, I have had second thoughts. I am still unsure, as this extract is very ambiguous. Personally, I think Stella is asking her elder sister whether or not she is a virgin but then again, this is subject to the audience and what choices they might make over the speech. Ironically, the audience may even interpret this speech to be an indication of the fact that Blanches history involved prostitution and she had had plenty of affairs with various men. This information is fully discovered later, but at this early stage, Williams uses a phallic symbol to signal the theme of sexuality. The streetcar also personifies the following understandings: Reproductive power, by symbolically and indirectly relating to a phallus. The statement bangs through the Quarter can be used to describe both the phallus and the streetcar. * Men were superior to women, during the mid-twentieth century. The evidence is in the speech because men could obviously do anything they wished, when they wished; go up and down whenever they liked, even make good use of their Quarters! By saying this, I would like to point out that Stanley always had the upper hand to Stella. He was very convincing and managed to win over Blanche, to persuade his own wife. The rape scene can also be associated with superiority. Stanley used Blanches body to prove that she was a liar, a cheater and had gone insane. He also saw women with sexual classifications and judged them, depending on their appearance; we are told on page 128. Therefore, it is a fact that men were superior to women, and they could fulfil any of their desires! Finally, when Blanche answers her sisters question, she is taking it literally (referring to the real streetcar, which brought her to Elysian Fields. ) That is how it would seem to a new audience. This is a fine example of symbolism. One who hears the dialogue in the highlighted selection (above) is likely to assume that Blanche is talking about the real streetcar, on which she travelled to arrive at her destination. Truthfully, I think Blanche is implying that sex was what made her come to Elysian Fields. She is declaring that because of sex, she has had to suffer through all those problems. Blanche has obviously grasped the significance of her past mistakes, repented them and known what is right and wrong. It is interesting to notice how one, short piece of text can be so symbolic and how easily it can be misunderstood! The first time I read the play I did not observe all these ideas. Nevertheless, after reading the script repeatedly, I realised that every single word Williams had entered had been deliberately done, to represent some things of his time. One of the reasons for doing this could be because it was a crime just to say the word sex, or anything related to that subject. Instead, playwrights suggested these ideas by using symbols, as what this essay is all about. Progressing to the sound of music and instrumental signs, Streetcar includes two very significant symbols that are linked with crucial themes such as sexuality and madness. The hot trumpets and the blue piano are constantly heard during short periods of tension and when Blanche experiences insanity! Williams has introduced the blue piano in scene one. The first page of the script tells us that it expresses the spirit of life which goes on here referring to a part of New Orleans (Elysian Fields. ) On certain occasions, the polka tune was also played. For instance, at the end of scene one, Stanley raises doubts about whether or not Blanche is married. This reminds Blanche of her horrific past and how her young husband had died. It creates tension and if, as an audience, we were to view the stage drama, it would build a large amount of suspense. The reason for this is that straight after the polka music plays, Blanche claims that she is going to be sick! From this, we know that Blanche is in a bad state and wants to forget. Returning to the sound of the polka tune, I would like to add that music in general life, can have quite an effect on its listeners. Polka music was played for a lively nineteenth-century dance. Here, it has been used to keep the viewers focused and to grab their attention on the story line. In the following fragment, Blanche and Stanley are deep in conversation.

WEstern Civilization prior to 1660 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEstern Civilization prior to 1660 - Essay Example By the end of the Greek period, many significant achievements had been made in science and philosophy. Greek thinkers had gained a view of a universe in which the world was round and participated in an intricate dance through the heavens with other bodies named after the gods they revered. Sophistication in mathematics led to the development of geometry which enabled the ancient Greeks to discover even more, including how to determine direction while at sea and scientists were beginning to investigate the elements of earth, air, fire and water (Williams, 1999). Engineers were beginning to understand the physics of the earth’s natural processes and put them to effective use while others were learning more about anatomy and medicine to better heal their sick or, more probably, wounded. However, much of this came to an end when the Greeks were finally defeated by the Romans, who did what they could to remove Greek influence from their provinces. The Greek dependence upon the elephant might have been a simple fluke in history. While they proved to be effective for some time against the Romans, who were unfamiliar with the animal, once the elephants’ weaknesses were exposed, the Romans stopped losing the battles. In one of the first battles in which the Romans immediately drew up into their well-ordered formations so perfect for other forms of warfare, Born (1928) reports how â€Å"the maniples in front were thrown into utter confusion by the crushing weight of the animals: knocked down and trampled upon by them, they perished in heaps upon the field †¦ Most of the Romans were trampled to death by the elephants; the rest were shot down in their ranks by the numerous cavalry† (566). The elephants were used for more than just fighting. For instance, Glover (1948) illustrates how Pyrrhus used elephants extensively in campaigns through his life, introducing the animal to Italy in 280 BC. That they could be quit e effective

OSI Layer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

OSI Layer - Assignment Example However, other similar system programs are not included in the scope of OSI model; however they perceive an end user's typing into a Layer 1 demand (Holmes, 2011; RingofSaturn, 2011). In other words, the application layer works as an interface between users and network. Thus, it allows the users to access network operational services. In addition, this layer holds a multiplicity of required processes: (Microsoft, 2011)   5 PRESENTATION LAYER 6 The presentation layer offers a range of encoding and encryption processes that are applied to the data received from application layer. The purpose of these processes is to make sure that information received from the application layer of one system will be understandable to the application layer of another system. In addition, it works as a translator of the network since it translates the data to be accessible to the system’s application layer. ... In this scenario, the complexity and size of a network transport protocol completely depends upon the kind of service which is presented to it by the network layer. In addition, for a trustworthy network layer with virtual circuit potential, a negligible transport layer is necessary. On the other hand, if the network layer is untrustworthy and/or simply facilitates datagram transitions method, the transport protocol should encompass widespread error discovery and recovery methods.  Moreover, the transport layer is responsible for carrying out following tasks: 8 NETWORK LAYER 9 Network layer offers freedom from data transfer technology and routing concerns, masks peculiarities of data transport medium from higher layers and offers switching and routing processes to create, uphold, and end network layer links and transfer data among various users. In this scenario, the network layer is mainly responsible for controlling the processes of the subnet, and making a decision that which ph ysical path the data should be based upon, main concerns of service, and other aspects. In addition, network layer of OSI model carries out following tasks: (Fairhurst, 2001; Fairhurst, The Internetwork Protocol (IP), 2008; Microsoft, 2011) 9 DATA LINK LAYER 10 The data link layer is the place where logical data and information (for example network IP addresses) are actually interpreted into the electrical pulses that move over the physical layer. In addition, ATM, Frame Relay and DSL follow Data Link layer mechanisms. Additionally, the OSI model data link layer offers error-free communication of data frames from one node to another network node over the physical layer, permitting layers above it to suppose virtually error-free data and network

ELL Instructor Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELL Instructor Interview - Essay Example In order for students to implement these strategies, it is crucial that they get exposed to real-life scenarios in which they can be able to compare and contrast their acquired skills set. For instance, increasing their proficiency would mean sitting down them individually or in small groups and explaining the concepts to them through real-life methodology. Collaborating is undoubtedly essential in order to thrive in any profession as the thoughts of ideas, knowledge, and practices are exchanged. Trimis, E (2009) Through my personal experience, I have felt that English should be taught in the simplest manner by implementing methodologies that are acquired in school initiates from giving students real life example. In order for students to implement these strategies, it is crucial that they get exposed to real-life scenarios in which they can be able to compare and contrast their acquired skills set. Collaborating is undoubtedly essential in order to thrive in any profession as the thoughts of ideas, knowledge, and practices are exchanged. Quite often, students struggle to socialize in a pre-dominant learning environment. Parents and teachers should play a symbiotic role and support while ensuring that everyone is in sync with the progress. Furthermore, collaboration is a key for the success of students, parents and teachers. The main proposition is to ensure that a learning environment offers multiple platforms, bridges the gap between teachers, parents and students and secure and confidentiality is of the highest quality. Parents can give feedback or allow children to ask questions. Underachievement can consist of many factors such as not being challenged enough, lack of motivation or interest. Students maybe bright but may not feel challenged enough. Ideally, every teacher wants their students to be independent thinkers for various reasons. First and foremost, independent thinking is needed to harness the society and express innovation. Secondly,

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health Introduction and definitions: The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the mental health as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her communityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1). According to NHS website every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide (2). Mental health inequality is a long standing problem that has been tackled for decades by epidemiologists, sociologists and health professionals. And because this problem has both strong social and medical aspect there is no unified approach to identification and resolution. From Sociologists viewpoint inequality with mental health is a problem that has two main explanations: people are poor because they have mentally illness that makes them unable to keep work probably (social selection), or they become mentally ill under the stress of being poor (social causation). However, in modern psychiatry other factors are believed to involve in the etiology such as genetic factors, diet, and hormonal disturbance which interact with personality disorders or emotional state to produce mental illness. The problem of inequality is not only about the present of a true mental illness but it is possible to expand the definition of mental health inequality to include everyday feelings which is considered by United Kingdom Department of Health to be a public health indicator: How people feel is not an elusive or abstract concept, but a significant public health indicator; as significant as rates of smoking, obesity and physical activity (3) The table below gives examples of those factors that promote or reduce opportunities for sound mental health (4): PROTECTIVE FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good physical health à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ High self esteem à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Learning ability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good conflict management à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ early and positive bonding and attachment experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ make relationships and ability to maintain or break them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ acceptance feeling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good communication skills à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Availability of the basic needs such as shelter and food, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ validation by the community à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support from surrounding social network à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ present of role models à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ job security à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good education level à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling secure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ political stability VULNERABILITY FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ congenital diseases or disability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ low self-esteem or social status à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sexuality problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ relationships problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling of isolation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ institutionalisation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lack of essential needs food , heat , housing .. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ loss and separation experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ violence or abuse experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ substance abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ psychiatric disorder runs in family à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ discrimination à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ unemployment peer pressure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pressure from value systems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ poverty Table 1: factors that affect good mental health What is the evidence on mental health inequalities? Socio-economic status: Many Community-based epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between Socio-economic status and rates of schizophrenia. Saraceno found that the current prevalence (calculated up to one-year prevalence) of the schizophrenia among low-SES is higher than people of high-SES with a ratio of 3.4, and when calculated to lifetime prevalence it is 2.4à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (5), and in Britain, suicides rates among people from lower SES nearly double that of high-SES (6). There are five hypotheses to explain this relation (7)(8): 1: Economic stress. The mental illness is a speci?c outcome of the stress related to economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and housing unaffordability. 2: Family fragmentation. The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of the fragmentation of family structure and lack of family supports. 3: Geographic drift. Individuals movement from communities of subsequent to their initial hospitalization leads to inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation (8). 4: Socioeconomic drift. Low employment rate related to initial hospitalization of lower SES communities. 5: Intergenerational drift. Can be explained as following à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of declines in community SES levels of hospitalized adolescents between their ?rst hospitalization and their most recent hospitalization after turning 18à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (8) Age: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In elderly: In a report for NIMHE (National Institute for Mental Health in England) (9 cited by 21) .the following point regarding mental health problems in elderly has been noticed: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The number of older people with symptoms of mental problems in the UK is about 3 millions. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10-15% of older people could be diagnosed by depression when applying the approved clinical criteria. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ About 5% of people aged over 65 and 20% over 80 are affected by dementia à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The economic cost of dementia in elderly is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.3 billion per year , this is more than the cost for heart disease ,stroke, cancer combined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the above numbers are expected to rise by a third in the next 15 years Mental health problems in elderly are more likely to go undiagnosed. Even where they are recognized, they are often poorly managed (10). The UK inquiry into mental health in later life (11) listed five factors that affect the mental health of elderly: relationships; contribution in meaningful activity; physical health (capacity to do everyday tasks); discrimination (by age or culture); and poverty. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in children : WHO states that the building an effective mental health policy for child and adolescent requires first deep understanding of mental health problems among children and adolescentsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(12) There is an evidence that levels of distress and dysfunction during childhood are considerably high between 11 per cent and 26 per cent, while the severe cases that require interventions are around 3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 per cent of people under 16 years of age (13,14). Emotionally disturbed children are exposed to abuse or neglect in their family of origin, with estimates up to 65 per cent (15). Gender: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Women and Mental Health It is proved that mental health problems are more common among women than men with a higher incidence rates of depressive disorder than men (16). There are many factors to explain this, first: Socio-economic problems such as poor housing conditions and poverty cause greater stress and fear of future amongst women. lack of confidence and self-esteem may be the results of educational factors such negative school experiences , Living in unsafe neighborhoods cause stress and anxiety amongst women , another common problem is addiction on prescription medications (for depressive and sleeping disorders) leads to more stress and anxiety. (16). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men and Mental Health In today world Men tend to be more susceptible to mental health problems than ever before especially suicide, some possible reasons for this are (17): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men in general are less likely to discuss their feelings or problems or even to admit that they may have depression. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comparing to women, fewer men look for help when having mental problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The impact of unemployment on men is deeper in general. Some mental disorders are more serious in men. For example suicide is considered to be a leading cause of mortality among young men age group(18). Suicide rate is especially high in poor communities for men from age group 10-24 comparing to the same age group in wealthy communities. It is known also that the onset of schizophrenia is earlier in men and the clinical outcomes are poorer (18). Risk groups for mental illness in men include (19): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Older men: many of them are less willing to benefit of provided health services because of the perception that these services are for older women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Divorced men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because of the lack of support available from their families, and services directed to meet the needs of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Male victims of domestic abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ especially boys in rural areas. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Gay and bisexual men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ few services are available to assist this group to deal with problems such as homophobic bullying and harassment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sexual abuse victims, again insufficient support is provided for males of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fathers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this is mainly due to stresses of parenthood combined with less support services when comparing to those available to mothers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mourning men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ With no or very few appropriate services specifically designed to men who have undergone bereavement. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men living in rural areas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ obviously due to difficulty in getting access to proper support services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Offenders of young age group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ less psychological services are available in juvenile justice centres in spite of the fact that there are high numbers of young Offenders who actually have mental health problems needed to be taken care of. Ethnic group: The à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Count me inà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ report by Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection ( 20) noted differences in admission rates among different ethnic groups for example that rates were lower in white British ,Chinese and Indian comparing to the national average , while in Bangladeshi and Pakistani group the rates were around the national average , the highest rates (more than three times higher than average) were found in minority black groups (African and Caribbean) and in Mixed groups (White/Black African or White/Black Caribbean). Employment Status and Mental Health It is well-known that getting a job is a protective factor regarding mental illness (21). But this is not always true. As Wilkinson (22) noted that jobs which are insecure or do not achieve the required level of satisfaction could have negative effects equal to that of unemployment. The main factors that cause this are (21): stress associated with fear of job loss, feeling of imbalance between effort and reward and inability to control job circumstances, stressful relationship with colleagues and bosses, cases of harassment or bullying. All this factors can lead ultimately to serious mental health illness. On the other hand, According to OSC Health Inequalities Review (23) people with a mental illness have five times lesser chance to get a job, and if they are already working they become more likely to be fired, financially this group has in general lesser income (twice times chance than the general population) and more likely to depend on invalidity benefits. It is noticed that among mental disorders psychotic illness has the worse impact on employment rates which decline in this group to only one in four. Geographic variation: Studies result on geographic variation of mental illness are inconsistent , for example Hollie (24) has concluded that regarding mental problems it is possible to see notable variation at the household level but this variations do not exist in postcode units , and there is no proven connection with geographical accessibility or quality of residential environment Hollie noticed also that in common mental illnesses the psychosocial environment has greater importance than the physical environmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another example comes from a recent Swedish study of 4.4 million adults found that with increasing levels of urbanisation; there was a notable rise in the incidence rates of psychosis and depression (25). Another study by Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution shows that people from densely populated areas had a 68-77% and 12-20% higher risk of developing any psychotic illness and depression respectively when compared to a control group in rural areas. Within urban areas the rates for psychoses map closely those for deprivation and the size of a city also matters; in London schizophrenia rates are about twice those in Bristol or Nottingham (26,27). Disability and Mental Health: Definition: According to Disability Discrimination Act (1995) (DDA) (28) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has substantial and long-term adverse affect on his ability to carry out normal day to day activitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In the light of this definition we can focus on mental health inequality of three groups of people (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People suffer socio-economic disadvantage caused by stigma and discrimination associated with their mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with both physical disabilities and mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical disabilities, whose experience discrimination and stigma because of their physical impairment and become mentally ill because of this experience. Disabled people are more likely to experience stress and emotional instability than those who are not disabled. a report by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (29) had found that when surveyed 52% of disabled people had experienced high levels of stress in the last 12 months comparing to 34% of people who are not disabled , and when it comes to depression disabled women have a higher rate of depression than disabled men with 44% comparing to 34% Conclusion: Inequality in mental health is as important as any other form of health inequality, however the interaction between social and personal level in mental illness makes it more difficult to address different kinds of mental health Inequalities associated with it. Question 2: word count (2000) Tackling inequalities in mental health Introduction: Many researchers agree that mental illness could be considered one of the fundamental social and health determinants, and it is difficult to separate these both sides because in most cases social exclusion and social inequalities are both cause and consequence of mental disorders (30) Some studies refer particularly to two characteristics that distinguish mental illnesses when it comes to public health problems (30): first they are the recent high rates of incident and second is the early onset which affect much younger age group comparing to other health problems Mental health diseases have two distinct characteristics as a public health problem: first very high rates of prevalence; secondly : onset is usually at a much younger age than for other health problem , Mental health diseases effects all aspects of peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s lives : personal relationships, employment, income and educational performance. (31,32) Who is at risk for mental health problems? Defining risk groups enables policies makers to determine how to manage available resources to achieve better health equality. Furthermore, these groups are the main targets for health equality promotional programs. A review of recent evidences on mental health inequalities can help to define the large groups at risk (33): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in institutional settings: such as care homes or those in secure care or subject to detention. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in unhealthy settings and who may not be reached by traditional health care such as veterans or the homeless. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical and/or mental illness, people misusing drugs, people with alcohol problems, people who are victims of violence and abuse. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½children whose parents have problems with alcohol or with drugs, children whose parents have a mental illness and looked after and accommodated children, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People from groups who experience discrimination. Key policies: These policies can be long term policies focusing on deep change over a long period or short term seeking fast results such as health promotion. Long term aims: Inequalities in mental health are not only about equality of access, but also about the quality of access. In the year 2009 Mental Health Foundation has published a report on resilience and inequalities in mental health (Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities) (30, 34) This report mentioned four points that should be consider as priorities: 1- Factors that support the life of the families mainly the Social, cultural and economic conditions: This can be done by reduce child poverty , parenting skills training and high quality preschool education , providing secure places for the children to play in particularly outdoors, and cooperation between the different governmental agencies to compact violence and sexual abuse. 2- Establishing an educational system that can effectively support children on both emotional and economical scale by: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schools health promoting programs, involving teachers, pupils, parents and working with families to enhance the home learning environment (HLE). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking steps to encourage sport activities and social events beside academic performance. 3- Reduce unemployment and poverty levels to reduce their negative effect on mental health, and while this is not an easy goal but the steps that could be taken my include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Supporting efforts to improve pay, work conditions and job security. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking advantages of workplace based support by early detecting and caring of personal problems or psychiatric symptoms before developing into serious stages. . 4- Tackle economic and social problems, which cause the psychological distress. Such as housing/transport problems, isolation, debt, beside that art and leisure centres can help to reduce stress too. However, these strategies take a long time to be effective, that means the need for more rapid actions or short term aims. Short term aims: Mental health promotion: To build an effective strategy to promotion for health equality the following points should be achieved (30,35). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comprehensive: promotion of mental Health is not only the responsibility of health services alone; other sectors of society should join that effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Based on evidence à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Responding to the needs of the local communities, and with the agreement of these communities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Under continuous assessment: The strategy should undergo critical evaluation and can be changes should be made when necessary. A good example of such strategy is the Mental health national evidence based standards which have been issued by The National Service Framework for Mental Health (36). The idea of these standards is to deal with mental health discrimination and compact social exclusion in patients with mental illness. And that can be achieved by promotion: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Increase the awareness about the importance of mental health in the society à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Take strong position against discrimination affecting individuals with mental illness, and promote the steps that make the social inclusion possible for them. Tackling inequalities for special risk groups: The Suicide prevention strategy: One of the best example is the strategy based on work by The NSPSE (National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England), the report was the result of literature review of suicide prevention programs around the world and has reached the following goals (38): 1. To identify and work on people with the highest suicidal risk. 2. To raise the awareness about mental well-being in the society . 3. To target common suicide methods and limits the possibility to get access to such methods if possible. 4. Work with the media for better coverage of suicidal behaviour and its dangers. 5. Support the research for better understanding of suicide and the possible way to reduce it. 6. To evaluate the steps taken to achieve lower rates of suicide. Women and Mental Health: Preventing: The results of UK-based survey (38 cited by 21) shows that mental health services for women: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Do not respond to special need of mental health in women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Can be unequal. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sometimes prove to be unsafe for women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ May not reflect to the gender effects on social inequalities, which present in deferent levels such as class and race. However, in their response to a survey conducted in England and Wales (38), women said that they services should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Provide Sense of Security for them. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Encourage the feelings of independence and ability to make choices and control their life again. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try to identify and deal with the real causes beyond the stress and the problems they face not only the symptoms of these problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support motherhood by directly address this group problems, such as suitable accommodation, jobs opportunities, education. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Embrace their inner strength and potentials of recovery. These points are crucial to build a need-based action plan for better equality in health services. Men and Mental Health: Preventing: The Equal Minds conference workshop which had special focus on men and mental health listed some changes to the support services that make these services more related and directed to solve men mental health issues: (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the services should be designed especially for men and with easy access in mind , this include both the place and timing of the selected service , for example choosing places that men usually meet in , or including sport activities or introducing programs that run only by men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Holistic approach, works on the person as a whole, not just on mental health. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention to prevent anxieties and concerns build up, especially in stress and anger management. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Trust and confidence are vital to solve problems of identity and role which can cause a lot of stress and self-image problems in men. Ethnicity and Mental Health: Preventing: One of the main problems in this group is the accessibility to the mental health services due to many factors such as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Linguistic communication. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stereotypic approach to their problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ignorance about the importance of mental health. Sashidharan in his report titled: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Inside Outsideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (39 cited by 21) discussed the mental health services provided for black and minority ethnic groups in England and Wales. And he noticed that these services are different when comparing to services provided to the majority white population in some aspects: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are less likely to receive specialist mental care. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to undergo obligatory admission (there are differences exist between different ethnic groups and different age groups). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be wrongly diagnosed. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be treated with psychiatric drugs and Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), more than receiving talking therapies. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have higher readmission rates and stay for longer in hospitals. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To be admitted to secure care/forensic environments. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Their social care and psychological needs are less likely to be addressee within the care planning process. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have worse outcomes. A strategic approach in Ethnicity and Mental Health: In England and Wales a framework has been developed for action for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½delivering race equalityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in mental health (40 cited by 21) The framework introduces three points which are essential to reach the targets of better services and results in mental health problems in minority ethnic groups, these points are: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing high quality Information services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To insure that the provided services are easy to access and can respond quickly to minority groupsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Involve the community in the efforts toward better mental health. In other words any approach should take in consider both quality of health services and the already existing socio-economic inequalities that ethnic groups may face. Some suggested steps for this approach may include (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing interpretation and translation services beside mental health service to insure highest possible quality. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Adopting equalities practice in mental health services, that mean better understanding for cultural identity, the impact of racism, and culture differences in the ways people express of mental stress. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Researching better tools and assessment measures that can better assess patients from different backgrounds and ethnicities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring that services understand and respect spiritual requirements for different cultures. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring access equality to services that more culturally accepted including, counseling, psychotherapy and advocacy. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Addressing common problems of black and minority communities, such as housing, employment, welfare benefits, and child-care. Disability and Mental Health: people with disabilities may experience high levels of socio-economic disadvantage due to discrimination and stigma , this group need a special interest regarding mental health services , they are liable for what Rogers and Pilgrim (41) described :à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½inequalities created by service provisionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Mental health services for disable people should be customized to their needs, some recommendations for such services may include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Promotion for well-being, mental health, and living with disability. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention: for people who show symptoms for possible mental illness. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Personalised care based on individuals wishes and needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stigma: work for better social inclusion and try to deal with problems associated with stigma and discrimination associated with some disabilities. Elderly and mental health: In order to achieve better equality for this group, policy makers should insure better access to mental health services in the first place. In the year 2005 the Department of Health introduced a report titled à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Securing Better Mental Health for Older Adultsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (42) to launch a new program to enhance the levels of services provided for elderly suffering mental illnesses or problems, this report promoted for a new policy that depends on two important steps: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring equality in the provided mental services; that means that the availability of these services should depend on the actual need for it not on selective age groups. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The approach of these services should be Holistic and personalized to meet both mental and physical needs for older age group. Here, it is essential to emphasis the importance of specialist mental health service for older adults. Sexual Orientation and Mental Health: In this group health promotion plays a prominent role to address the mental problems associated with sexual orientation. PACE organization has published practice guidelines for mental health services working with lesbian, gay and bisexual people (43 cited by 21). The guidelines suggest that these services should especially designed to meet the needs of LGB people, examples of such services include particularly counseling and advocacy. In response to these guidelines and other studies about LGB such as (44 cited by 21). Mental health services for LGB people should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Deal with the problems of heterosexism and homophobia that this group frequently faces. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Raise the community awareness about the problems that this group suffer especially social exclusion and discrimination. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The services directed to LGBT people should be able to interact effectively with this group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½culturally competentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Preventing in Mental Health Problems: People with mental health problem are in need for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½resilience factorsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which may be the only way to heal from mental distress and to fight the stigma and discrimination they frequently face (21), we can name some of these factors such as confiding relationships, social networks, self-determination, financial security, however, support health services are essential for individual recovery and to achieve socially inclusive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½accepting communitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (45). Examples for these services can be found in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½report on Mental Health and Social Exclusionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which has been introduced by Social Exclusion Unit. The report included a 27-point Action Plan especially designed to deal with discrimination and stigma (21). In this action plan the health and social care services play an decisive role to fight the problem of social exclusion and provide the proper support for community and families, this support may include help to find better accommodation, and provide financial (46). Beyond this report, it is essential that policy makers be aware of connection between inequalities and mental health as a result and a cause, this will encourage more holistic approach that aim prevention at the long run. Conclusion: It is essential to put the different recommendations on mental health inequalities into everyday practice , for example a recent study by Glasgow Centre for Population Health found that policies are not driving practice for effective reduction in inequalities levels in mental health within primary care, and the primary care organization studied is not Contributive to tackle inequalities in mental health. (47). For that reason, it is the responsibility of government, health services and health professionals to put these strategies and plans into action to insure a better and healthier society.

Reformers Of The Second Great Awakening :: American History, Social Reforms, Slavery

During the Second Great Awakening, a mass revival of American society took place. Reformers of every kind emerged to ameliorate women’s rights, education and religious righteousness. At the forefront of the movement were the temperance reformers who fought for a change in alcoholism, and abolitionist who strived for the downfall of slavery. Temperance reformers were mostly women and religious leaders. Lyman Beecher, a well known preacher and temperance leader during this time, talked about how intemperance was destroying our nation. He stated that intemperance was,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦continually transferring larger and larger bodies of men, from the class of contributors to the national income, to the class of worthless consumers...,† which meant that more men were taking away from the national then putting in. Some reformers even went as far as making illustrations showing how starting at a simple glass of this â€Å"demon rum† could lead to death or even suicide. Reformers such as Henry Clay Work wrote songs that at times placed a young daughter asking her father to come home to take care of their family. Women also played a very important role in the temperance movement by protesting to government to make alcohol illegal. The Abolition movement pushed for the country to realize the cruelties of slavery. Harriet Tubman, an escaped runaway slave, helped over 300 African Americans get freedom. Many people published books and reports on slavery. They showed Americans, as well as a world the harshness of slavery. Some abolitionist held posts on Underground Railroad to help free slaves and even helped them hide at times.

Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned

Smoking has been part of our life for many centuries now. It has evolved from simple tobacco type rolled in leaf to a more refined stick that has filter. Many people because of the smoke it produces. Many studies have suggested that smoking carries with it many different disease complications and that it should be limited if not totally banned. In my opinion smoking should definitely be banned in public places as it not only has deleterious effects on the non smokers present there but also may cause allergic coughing to many people. Besides, many youngsters are fascinated by the act of smoking and try to imitate it which may later develop into a habit. The first and foremost argument for the implementation and regulation of a smoking ban is very obviously, health related. No one who smokes is unaware of the various ill effects that it has. The number of chemicals that are present in one single cigarette is mind boggling. And regular smoking can lead to severe health conditions like oral cancer, lung cancer, etc. Why someone would want themselves to go through such an ordeal is beyond most people. While smokers may argue that it is an addiction, what they cannot answer is that: is this addiction stronger than the value of their lives? The more they smoke, the more susceptible they become to adverse health conditions. So, there's no real motive for people to want them to stop smoking, in private or in public, but for their own better health. Smoke which arises when a person smokes a cigarette, bide or cigar is more hazardous to a passive smoker who inhales the smoke being in close vicinity of the active smoker. The smoke being inhaled by the former is unfiltered thereby causing more ill effects. Several pulmonary diseases such as cough, bronchitis, asthma and last but not the least carcinoma of lungs may occur as a consequence of smoking. Next, this may be the most overused argument for people to stop smoking in the presence of other people: the passive smoking effect. It's not like they don't know that they are putting others' health and lives in danger, they do it in spite of it. Smoking around people has an effect on their health as well. Sometimes, these conditions can get even worse than those of the smokers themselves. Where's the justice in that? People who smoke get affected, and people around them, because of them, get affected too. It's high time smokers realized their intentional ignorance and took some responsibility. If not for themselves, at least for those around them. If they argue about their ‘rights' being infringed by banning smoking, what about the rights of those getting affected by their incessant puffing? Are they not entitled to clean fresh air to breathe. The clean, fresh air that smokers make it so difficult to maintain. Many countries such as India have implemented a ban on public smoking. It has become mandatory to have no smoking zones in all eating joints, recreation centers etc. This practice may seem as a curbing of ones right to freedom especially to the smokers but surely this step will go a long way in achieving a healthier life style. Many people who gradually become aware of the ill effects of smoking are turning towards dead diction centers to get rid of this habit. Even the advocates of smoking in public areas disapprove of the practice when it comes to their off springs. Witnessing the elders smoking kindles similar desire in a youngster thereby giving birth to a new generation aft smoker. Advertently or inadvertently, smokers do tend to influence those around them. Whether it is a teenager who's just entered high school, or a young child watching his father smoking at home or even a working professional who is trying to fit in with his colleagues; it is very easy to get influenced by someone who is seen smoking, especially when the smoker gives it so much importance and glorifies it like it is the best thing to do. This definitely has an impact on what the person thinks about smoking, and it more often than not, leads people to begin smoking. If smokers argue that it is up to the people to make their own decisions and that they shouldn't smoke if they don't want to, then they are very highly underestimating the power of peer pressure. In conclusion, To avoid these evils of smoking and ensure a healthy platform for the youth it is not only our duty but need of the day to condemn such practices if not completely then at least socially.. Claiming smoking withdrawal symptoms is just an excuse that smokers take refuge in. What they do not realize is that they have the power to control, and eventually stop the terrible habit that has affected and continues to affect millions across the globe. Will they not make it a better, cleaner and safer place to live in for their own future generations? So, if an answer is required for the question: should smoking be banned in public places or even in private areas, then it is a very straightforward one: YES, it should! In general, I think the world be a better place without cigarettes. However, the decisions as to whether to smoke or not should be for each individual to make.

What the CEO Wants you to know summary Essay Example

What the CEO Wants you to know summary Essay Example What the CEO Wants you to know summary Essay What the CEO Wants you to know summary Essay Synchronized organization- expands the capacity of the whole group 2. Lack of keeps businesses small and non potential 3. Join together to create mechanism that brings together Social Operating Mechanisms. (critical to an edge in execution) a. Creating a strategy to have lower prices Wall Marts Regional Managers observed prices, merchandise, and the over all ambiance of the stores. B. Fundamentals- Remember consumer through completive analysis, see the needs of the consumers and what they expect. . Information constantly being exchanged adjusted as necessary. 5. Information exchanged and integrated, decisions are made, and every participant is getting a complete picture of the business a. I. L . Frequency and Rhythm of the information exchange keeps all SIMI (Quick Marketing Intelligence ) participants, no matter where they are in the hierarchy or the globe up to date on whats happening with customers, competitors, and technology worldwide. That way they can better b. Information from the competitors is less than one week old. B. I. Gathered directly from customers and rent line employees 6. At the same time, the accountability is built in. A. Slackers are noticed at this phase 7. Do work from a Business side: a. I. L . Set Priorities a. I. 2. Design Social Operating Mechanisms a. I. 3. Information exchange a. I. 4. Coordinate functions and maintain one accord 8. Benefits: a. Awareness of global trends b. Make valuable tradeoffs and ideas for good decisions. When sharing people come to a common conclusion from the conflicts that are brought to the surface Presentation: In making groups decisive Global challenges play a major role in any multi national heir organizations operations such as Cultural, Language, and Value factors. Culturally, for instance China is a communist country so many advertisements are not fit for their culture. Many times movies, magazines, or websites are filtered and edited thru the Chinese government. With Language, Corpor ations have to keep a consistent message so that it is easily transferable to any language. For Value in certain places the value for one product is not the same price as it is in another. The apple I phone is 200 dollars in the US and its 475 in China, similarly desire beer is 3 dollars in the states and up to 9 dollars internationally Global Advantages Some global advantages are: Resource allocation, Awareness of Global issues and developing trends Coca cola allocated a cafe © product in Europe that was not as successful in the States, although it is one of their signature products internationally. For awareness of Global issues a corporation might re-adjust and look at margins if they know that a particular market is in a economic downturn. Developing trends are at an advantage to corporations that are global because they notice trends in different markets and can predict future trends.

Amnesia essays

Amnesia essays Amnesia is often fabricated by television. They make it seem as though you bump your head and your life is nothing but a blur but in most cases this is only fiction. Amnesia is loss of memory but there are many different types. People who suffer from memory disorders are normally aware of it. It is normally caused by stroke, injury to the brain, surgery, encephalitis, and electroconvulsive therapy. Amnesia may also be caused by physical trauma, disease, infection, drug and alcohol abuse, or reduced blood flow to the brain. Principle symptom is inability to retain new information. The different types of amnesia are anterograde, retrograde, transient global amnesia, emotional/hysterical amnesia, lacunar amnesia, korsakoff syndrome, and posthypnotic amnesia. Antergrade is the inability to retain new information and normally follows brain trauma. Retrograde is the type of amnesia where a person can recall events after a trauma but not before. Transient global amnesia has no identifiable cause. Researchers suggest that migraines may be a cause. It consists of sudden forgetfulness and confusion and may last 30-60 minutes. Emotional/hysterical amnesia is a type of memory loss caused by psychological trauma. Lacunar amnesia is the inability to remember a specific event. Korsakoff syndrome is memory loss caused by alcoholism. Posthypnotic amnesia is the inability to remember events that occurred during hypnosis or information stored in long-term memory. As you can see, there are many different causes and types of amnesia. And most of the things that you hear are normally embellished. ...

Anti-Social Behaviour Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Anti-Social Behaviour - Literature review Example Furthermore, there have been reports of increased problems and incidences associated with anti-social behaviour which has risen substantially over the years. It is on account of this reason that there has been a sea change in the management of housing and accommodation, with the result that the residents are now increasingly demanding a better say in the decisions especially in the areas which have a direct and/or indirect impact on their way of lives and are now demanding greater representation and participation in the local authority’s decision making process. Their overall expectations with regard to public safety have also increased greatly due to the perceived threats to their quality of life, on account of increased incidences of anti-social behaviour. The changes in the external environment has further led to a sea change in the management practices adopted and implemented by the local authorities and other public sector departments involved in provision of services within housing and accommodation sector. There have been various policies implemented at the national, state as well as local levels to ensure public safety in residential areas, thus indicating wide spread reforms brought about by the administration to enable the local, state as well as national authorities and governing bodies to combat and address the challenges posed by the rapidly changing dynamic external environment. Although there is no clear and concise definition of the term, it has been generally defined similarly by various researchers. For the purpose of this study the term anti-social behaviour is described as follows: The term anti-social behaviour has recently assumed great significance, particularly within the management of public housing and activities associated with the same. It is now increasingly being taken into consideration while framing policies and to categorically differentiate between crimes and social disorders of civil and/or

Critq. of 2 current medical dictionary's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critq. of 2 current medical dictionary's - Essay Example dictionary contains the latest of the medical terms and the definitions provided are quite easy to understand even by layman as they are written in simple English and since many include examples, it becomes easy to correlate the meanings. The definitions are accurate and also include pronunciation phonetics along with singular/plural forms. Abbreviations have been provided so as the definitions do not exceed over pages! Etymologies or word origins of many words have been provided as well, as many of the medical terms have Latin origin, for further understanding and ease of memorizing the word. For example, if we know that â€Å"logy† means study, and â€Å"cardio† means pertaining to heart, then we can understand that cardiology is the study of the heart. Many terms also have certain statements in color, which bring attention of the user to special considerations that ought to be noted during practice. This is especially helpful as they work as tips, and are sometimes n ot even included in textbooks. In addition, a new section containing 100 most frequently prescribed drugs have been compiled. Some of the information is available in tabulated form for better correlation and a methodical approach to certain terms. A great feature of the hardcover edition, the one that I reviewed is that it contains a section containing various diseases along with their symptoms, diagnosis and treatments, which can come very handy for medical students. Another great point about this dictionary is that it prints synonyms for the various medical terms, which are useful for correlating various medical problems. The appendix included information regarding complementary and alternative medicine, prefixes/suffixes. There are more than 700 illustrations and 500 color pictures, according to Amazon, which has given this book a rating of four and a half stars! The illustrations include colored and labeled diagrams, pictures and charts, and are definitely very informative and o f superb quality.